Professional Values and Ethics Paper - Free Essay Example

Professional Values and Ethics Paper Learning Team B Gen/200 Frank Marino Define Values and Ethics â€Å"Values are reflected in decisions; the repetition of values in decisions shows the existence of a virtue (and strengthens it), and the body of virtues shapes a character which gives consistency to subsequent decisions until a conduct is defined† (Argandona, 2003). Professional values are our principles and beliefs that influence our work behavior. They guide the good and bad choices we make and help us to evaluate our decision making. When you have values they help you to become the person you want to be and to influence others. They allow you to accomplish your goals as well as your dreams in life. Different cultures of people have different values and beliefs. As we grow into adults we learn our own set of values as well as understanding the values of others. Values give us the freedom to express ourselves and the things that really matter to us. They allowed our ances tors to stand up for the things they believed in. Values influence the choices we make and help mold us into leaders and not followers. With a clear set of values comes credibility and loyalty to others, which allows us to a have better clarity and focus on the directions we take in life. Ethics are the foundation for personal and professional excellence. Defined as a set of standards, which actions are determined to be right or wrong (Owen, p. 27). They are used to establish rules of conduct; created through a comprehensive framework of communication and behavioral expectation. They are critical to the success of any business (Childers, p. 34). Ethics are used as an ambitious solution for problems posed by diversity within a profession; they are constructed as an additional set of ethical guidelines focused on particular functions and fields of business (Croxton, p. 5). They are important for maintaining professional cohesion and identity within a group (Croxton, p. 5). Creat ing this culture allows business to gain trust and loyalty from their employees and customers. Three Sources of Professional Values and Ethics Three sources of professional values and ethics would be Professional integrity, academic integrity, and personal values. Professional integrity begins with the responsibility to serve the needs of the community. Communities allow the professional the authority to set the standards of competence and conduct of its members. Professionals are educated and supported by society, they have public trust; if that trust is violated it is a serious breach of professional integrity. Professional integrity is the fundamental goals of the profession, (McDowell,  1996). Academic integrity has five fundamental values that characterize an academic community by integrity; they are honesty, trust, fairness, respect, and responsibility. Honesty is the quest for truth and knowledge; trust is the mutual trust that allows the free exchange of opinions and ideas. Fairness occurs when students, instructors, administrators need clear standards, practices, and procedures. Respect needs to be in place when a wide range of opinions and ideas are shared. Responsibility demands personal accountability on the part of all members and when in the wrong admitting the wrong integrity (Empire State College, 1999-2010). Personal values are your beliefs and ethics rolled into one; this usually begins how you were raised in your family and is closed tied to the family values. Personal values is what is right and wrong for a person; these values are determined by going in two directions, making a list of general values and picking the most important to you. It encourages you to select values you think you should have. Building a list from scratch on your life experiences; this is more rewarding and accurate (Lopper, 2007). Professional Values and Ethics Impact Career Success Before entering the professional world the student is faced with decision s around their own practice of academic integrity. Cheating in higher education is rampant†¦and students of business are among the most dishonest,† declared Levy and Rakovski, (2006, p. 736) in an article summarizing the state of academic dishonesty in business school. With 56% of graduate students and 47% of undergraduates admitting to engaging in some form of cheating or questionable behavior (Caldwell 2010) it is likely that a young person at the beginning of their career has already breached the line between integrity and deceit. This comfort level with cheating ncreases the risk of repeating the same cheating behavior when carried to a career profession. Someone trying to anticipate consequences of cheating in their career need only look at the Enron phenomenon, or consider Tom Petters downfall when he was found guilty of orchestrating a $3. 65 billion Ponzi scheme. In a study of the affect of personal values on entrepreneurial success, Gray and Eylon (1998) conclude d that successful and unsuccessful entrepreneurs differ in their values profile as well as on several individual values. Successful entrepreneurs place higher emphasis on the values of freedom, independence, broadmindedness, and courage, and place less emphasis on wisdom, obedience, politeness, and responsibility. Personal values are the foundation to build professional and academic integrity. To be successful, personal values must be aligned with professional goals. An example that most will be familiar with is Steven Covey, a past professor of organizational behavior at Brigham Young University. Covey espouses personal values. He teaches the importance of personal values in business; be good, be honest, love thy neighbor, and uphold family values. It doesn’t take much imagination to see the connection between these personal values and Covey’s business success; he has half of the Fortune 500 companies on his 10,000-plus-client list; that is career success. After making a stance in the professional world, it becomes fairly obvious that not only your managers and bosses take notice of your day-to-day activities. In recent years, a blend of economic, social, legal, and political events has had a profound effect not only on the behavior and performance of professionals, but also on the public’s expectations of them,† stated Mark S. Frankel (1989, 109), which elaborates on the professional value and ethics that each individual must demonstrate in the professional world. A single individual can make just as much a public impact as how the company operates as a whole. The values and ethics of an individual can cause a chain reaction in people who may benefit or deter others from the company that individual is representing. For instance nursing in general has changed social and ethical practices taking their level of care from a global perspective to more of an individual perspective (Rassin, 614). One of the major factors for this change was to improve the personal care each individual received that in turn improved the opinions of the facility that the nurses worked in. In one example of how ethics and personal values have been intertwined with the business world, Leung and Cooper have implemented an ethics course into their accounting firm (Cooper, 406). The reason for this was to build trust in the community and to show the community that the accounting firm was working for their interests not just those of the firm. . The teachings covered areas of making money, creating happy customers and looking out for the company’s reputation and bottom line. The outcome of the ethics teachings showed that happy customers would make a profitable company and would grow the reputation of the company. References Argandona, Antonio (2003, June) Fostering Values in Organizations Journal of Business Ethics, 45(1), 15-28. Caldwell,  C. (2010). A Ten-Step Model for Academic Integrity: A Positive Approach for Business Schools. Journal of Business Ethics,  92(1),  1-13. Retrieved July 12, 2010, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID:  1953683231). Childers, David, Marks, Norman (2005, Oct. ) Internal Auditor. 62(5), 34-38 Cooper, Barry J (2008). Ethics Education for Accounting Students-a Toolkit Approach. Accounting Education: an internal journal, 405-430. Croxton, Tom, Jayaratne, Srinika (1999) Journal of Social Work Education 35(1), 2-6 Empire State College (1989-2010) Academic Integrity, Retrieved from https://www. sc. edu/academicintegrity Frankel, Mark S. (1989). Professional Codes: Why, How, and with What Impact? Journal of Business Ethics 8, 109-115. Gray,  S. ,  Ã‚  Eylon,  D. (1998). DO VALUES PLAY A ROLE IN ENTREPRENEURIAL SUCCESS? Journal of Business and Entrepreneurship,  10(1),  15-0_9 Retrieved July 13, 2010, from Entrepreneurship. (Document ID:  1396397981). Covey, Steve (1995, July) Guru to the great  Report on Business Magazine,  12(1),  11, 13+  R etrieved July 13, 2010, from CBCA Complete. (Document ID:  440754441). Looper, J. 2007, March) A Personal Code of Values. Article McDowell, J. (1996) Professional Integrity. Airpower Journal, Retrieved from https://www. mncap. org/protcol/core/values_propintrgrity. pdf Owens, J. (1978, February) Business Ethics: Age Old Ideal, Now Real. Business Horizons 21, 26-30. Petters, Tom (2009, Dec) Minnesota Man Convicted in $3. 6 Billion Ponzi Scheme Business/Financial Desk The New York Times  159, 54878: pna (L Rassin, Michal (2008) Nurses’ Professional and Personal Values. Nursing Ethics, 614-630.

A Public Health Successes From Any Country - 983 Words

Select and describe two known public health successes (from any country). Compare and contrast how the strategies used to address these two issues have changed over the last 50 years. Answer: Topic 1: Control of Tuberculosis in India. Tuberculosis is one of the most fasted growing diseases in India. India has number of cases of tuberculosis around 2.2 million. It is projected that approximately 40% of Indian population is become a victim of tuberculosis. However, India has taken many positive steps to control tuberculosis since 20 years and it was succeed. Indian government has started one program, which was Revised National TB Control Programme (RNTCP) in 1993. They used five basic drugs, which called first line TB drug. It was Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol, and Streptomycin. By using these drugs, RNTCP achieved 88% of success rate in 2010. Indian government also provide all TB drugs in free of coast. http://www.tbfacts.org/tb-india.html http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3125027/ Topic 2: Prevention and control of HIV in India. The first HIV case was diagnosed in south India before more than 20 years. HIV is serious public health problem among the all age group people. According to National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO), projected incidence at around 0.36 percentage. Approximately 2 million to 3.1 million people infected by HIV in India. There are many programmes run by Indian government to control HIV such as Condom Programming,Show MoreRelatedImplementing The Affordable Care Act1670 Words   |  7 Pages Specific Country Goals: Cuban healthcare is a unique system that came about as a result of campaign promises from Fidel Castro in 1959. Although during Batistas rule doctors were well trained and respected, most all the countrys health services and facilities were located in concentrated population centers. 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Spector stated that, The Unit ed States acquired a strong democratic ally in the new Japan which emerged from the wreckage of war.1 Following the Japanese surrender on September, 2, 1945, General Douglas MacArthur, the Supreme Commander Allied Powers (SCAP) in Japan, led the largely unilateral U.S. effort to rebuild Japan. The U.S. occupation and reconstruction met with varying degrees of political, socialRead MoreThe Reasons for the Liberal Election Victory of 1906 Essay1172 Words   |  5 PagesBlackpool. The key areas of victory are the Tory blunders and the Liberal successes. The decline of the Unionists seemed to begin after the 1900 Khaki election when things began to go wrong in South Africa. Guerrilla Warfare began, and for a while, the sure victory appeared to become a long, hard struggle. This raised questions within Britain at the armys strength and the countries health. Firstly, 22,000 were killed in South Africa and this raised questions about

How to Resolve and Solve Problems

A great skill to have is the ability to solve problems specifically interpersonal and behavioral problems,   effectively. At the same time, it is also a great skill to teach students. There are a few key requirements for resolving problems collaboratively.   Both inside and outside the classroom teachers deal with problems and knowing how to resolve problems, either conflict between students, with students or with parents, require following some steps.   Here are the steps to becoming a more effective problem solver.​ L Heres How: Understand why the problem exists. What is the actual root cause of the problem? If you know something about why the problem exists, youll have a better time of resolving the problem. Lets take the example of a child who doesnt want to come to school. Before you can help identify a solution, it is important to find out why the child doesnt want to come to school. Perhaps bullying is occurring on the bus or in the halls. One of the first steps to effectively solve problems is delving into the root cause of the problem.Be able to clearly identify the problem and the obstacles that the problem presents. All too often when attempting to address a problem, those problems surrounding the principal cause are considered rather than identifying and resolving the root problem.   Clearly, state the problem and what obstacles the problem presents to you. Again, the child who doesnt want to come to school has the problem of it having a negative impact on his/her academic success.Once you have c learly stated the problem, you need to understand what you have control over and what you dont. Your efforts to resolve the problem must be within the areas where you have control. You may not have control whether a child comes to school, but you do have control over dealing with the bully who is creating the barrier to the child not wanting to attend school. Solving problems must focus on the things which you can control.Do you have all the information you need? Solving problems is often like becoming involved in investigations. Have you thoroughly researched why the problem exists? Do you have all the information you need? If not, be persistent and seek out all information before tackling the problem.Dont jump to conclusions. Once you have all of your information, analyze it carefully and look at it from various viewpoints. Be as objective as possible and dont be quick to judge. Remain judgment-free as much as possible. This is a time for you to use your critical thinking skills.N ow determine your options for solutions. How many options do you have? Are you sure? Which options seem reasonable? Have you weighed the pros and cons of your options? Are there any limitations to your options? Are some options better than others and why? Are there advantages and disadvantages you need to take into consideration?You should now be ready to act. A well thought out strategy/solution is now in place. However, what is your plan to monitor its outcome? How will you know that your solution is working? Once your solution is in place, it is important to monitor and evaluate the outcome regularly.In SummaryYou can use this approach to many of the challenges that arise in your classroom. A child who wont comply, a parent who is unhappy with their childs IEP, an educational assistant with whom you are having some conflict with. The strategies used in this problem-solving plan are merely good lifelong skills to have. Tips: Clearly state the problem.Know what the obstacles are related to the problem.Determine what you have control over and what you dont.Make sure you have ALL the information you need.Identify all of your options and implement the best option for a solution.

Company Analysis Khs Gmbh - 1734 Words

INTRODUCTION KHS GmbH is one of the leading producers of filling and packaging system in Germany. The company is based in Dortmund, Germany. The company also has production facilities in 5 countries outside Germany situated in Brazil, The United States, Mexico, India and China. KHS GmbH’s also has their branches across 83 countries around the world. The company has revenue of around 1,077 Million Euros as estimated in the year 2014 and has more than 4,500 employees in the company worldwide. The production cost in Germany is very high that the profit margin is too low. Moving the production to other foreign countries where the labour cost is lower compared to that of Germany could sort out the problem according to the management. Indonesia is an option that the company management is looking forward to start the production. The strategic location in relation to giant economies of China, India and Australia, low labour cost and access via sea route are the main advantages that Indonesia has. But, being a complex country, there are certain risks that the company should keep an eye on before investing in Indonesia. 1.INDONESIAN ECONOMY Indonesian Economy has seen drastic changes in the last two decades. Currently Indonesia is South East Asia’s largest economy and one of the emerging economies in the world. Indonesia is ranked the 18th largest economy in the world. Looking at the history, the Indonesian economy was deteriorating and was in crisis in the

Patient Advocacy An Advocate For Patients Essay Example For Students

Patient Advocacy : An Advocate For Patients Essay Patient advocacy involves acting on behalf of patients who are unable to represent themselves, or those who do not wish to represent themselves (Kimble, 2012). When a nurse acts as an advocate for their patients they are able to empower the weak and vulnerable, releasing them from their discomfort and from unnecessary treatments (Kimble, 2012). During my clinical, there was one patient in particular who needed a patient advocate more than ever. The patient G. R. , was quite ill at the time, he had no supports, no family or visitors, and was non-verbal. This patient required the judgment of the nurses in his care, as he had no one to speak for him and could literally not speak for himself. Eventually his care became too complex, and he needed to be sent to the Royal University Hospital (RUH), this was quite concerning to the Rosthern staff, as who would be there to care for him, and stand on his behalf. Using Carper’s (1978) â€Å"Five Ways of Knowing† I will examine G. R.’s complex ethical situation, and the role of the nurses and myself in his care. Patient History During my time at Rosthern Hospital G. R. was one of the patients I felt most connected with, and I felt we developed a therapeutic relationship. He was an older gentleman, and he had some mental health issues, he also was non-verbal for an unknown reason. G. R. was sent to the hospital by his the mental health worker who was in charge of running the home he lived, as he was vomiting, had quite a distended abdomen, and was constipated. His case was quite complex and serious, so the physician sent him to RUH. RUH then sent him back after giving him an X-ray and viewing a large amount of stool in his abdomen, and sent him back to Rosthern Hospital with some stool softener m. .etween the patient and the health care system. The importance of patient advocacy was exemplified in G. R.’s case. If G. R. did not have the support of the staff at Rosthern Hospital his circumstances could have been much worse. G. R. was quite close to death, and the help of the staff prolonged his life, if not saved him. I have learnt from my experience with G. R. to always follow your instinct when caring for patients, and the importance of patient support. Nurses are able to advocate for patients throughout their treatment by using the seven helping skills, remaining ethical, using the science of nursing to explain treatments and procedures, and ultimately advocating for patients in the broader community. Above all advocacy is supporting patient autonomy and ensure the patient remains at the center of care, with the utmost respect and dignity that they deserve.

Music out of Africa Essay Example For Students

Music out of Africa Essay A major misconception of the oral tradition is that it consists of and continues through words or (for the purpose of this essay) lyrics only. This misconception is defied every time a musician plays a note on his instrument. Along with words, vocalized tone and rhythm play an important role in the oral tradition. These two elements are just as important in oral communication as words because it allows for communication of a nonverbal nature, even subconsciously at times, in all languages. Bornman insists that while the whole European tradition strives for regularity of pitch, of time, of timbre, and of vibrato the African tradition strives precisely for the negation of these elements. Traditionally African languages did not restrict a single word to having one particular definition; rather one had the freedom to speak freely using words at their own discretion with their own unique meanings in mind. Along with words came how the words were spoken. This was in fact the intention of the true oral tradition, made up of a persons unique response to anothers oral statement. Ben Sidran explains: all oral communication is a direct reflection of the immediate environment and of the way in which members of the oral community relate to that environment. We now can draw the comparison to music with Bornmans assertion that In music, the same tendency toward obliquity and ellipsis is noticeable: no note is attacked straight; the voice or instrument always approaches it from above or below.8 In large part, the complexity of this rhythmic approach is due to the value placed on spontaneity and the instinctively communal nature of oral improvisation. This talent is a role of the larger oral approach toward time and the consequent emotional connection with events as they happen. By failing to label emotional content along the rigid lines of verbal definition, a result of the stress on vocalization, musicians have aided the survival of the oral tradition. They are able to do this effectively because they celebrate the feeling of any given moment as a unique experience, rather than as a part of some pre-written text book. By separating every moment or significant experience they are able to improvise and create their own unique tune. The ability to experience and communicate emotional content on such a broad level is characteristic of the oral mans failure to detach intellectually: to not categorize, specialize, or analyze. Ultimately, this is a necessity in the survival of the oral tradition. In some ways it has become much more a manner of presentation than a way of experiencing. Abandoning strict rules of tonality came naturally to, internationally renowned South African pianist, Abdullah Ibrahim. He says in an interview before his 1996 concert celebrating Mandelas inauguration, Ever since I was a kid I was playing in that direction And then it just got to a point in New York in the late 60s with the avant-garde. What happened was that we just got to a state of such technical proficiency that we could execute anything. Practically, though, it got to the point that we couldnt eat. Really, nobody wanted to listen. From a technical perspective it was quite complex, and then I realized you can use very eloquent language to say something, but if people dont understand what the hell your talking about Using basic language you can get the same kind of message but as for me it was not just a conscious decision to move away from it, it was natural.9 What comes next is perhaps the crucial element in Ibrahims musical odyssey toward tonality, perhaps in his political and spiritual one as well. I think maybe because of the involvement in the struggle in South Africa, in some ways we were just forced to deal with what people saw as normal, basic issues, you know. We had to deal with people, and so the music has to relate to people. And for us it was a blessing in disguise because that is how the music always related anyway, traditionally. For all the Western influence in Ibrahims music, from Debussy to Duke Ellington, his music is distinctly African. .u732d6b8ced0808a36f6694df6890c0c8 , .u732d6b8ced0808a36f6694df6890c0c8 .postImageUrl , .u732d6b8ced0808a36f6694df6890c0c8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u732d6b8ced0808a36f6694df6890c0c8 , .u732d6b8ced0808a36f6694df6890c0c8:hover , .u732d6b8ced0808a36f6694df6890c0c8:visited , .u732d6b8ced0808a36f6694df6890c0c8:active { border:0!important; } .u732d6b8ced0808a36f6694df6890c0c8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u732d6b8ced0808a36f6694df6890c0c8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u732d6b8ced0808a36f6694df6890c0c8:active , .u732d6b8ced0808a36f6694df6890c0c8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u732d6b8ced0808a36f6694df6890c0c8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u732d6b8ced0808a36f6694df6890c0c8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u732d6b8ced0808a36f6694df6890c0c8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u732d6b8ced0808a36f6694df6890c0c8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u732d6b8ced0808a36f6694df6890c0c8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u732d6b8ced0808a36f6694df6890c0c8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u732d6b8ced0808a36f6694df6890c0c8 .u732d6b8ced0808a36f6694df6890c0c8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u732d6b8ced0808a36f6694df6890c0c8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Jazz and the Brightside Tavern EssayDuke said it when he met us: You are blessed because you come from the source. The challenge that we faced was that if youre a jazz musician you have points of reference if youre an aspiring musician. If youre a saxophone player you listen to Charlie Parker and John Coltrane. But with our traditional music there is no point of reference. There was no piano player for us. We had to deal with creating a contemporary mind-set in terms of improvisation with a traditional music of our own. Thats what gives Ibrahim such a distinct sound. Viewing the film A Brother with Perfect Timing, I questioned Ibrahims assertion that today musicians are seen as entertainers, but rather they are healers who use their music as spiritual medication. Traditionally healers performed their duties either through the gift of speech or using plants directly. Through my experience with music, I now know what a profound affect a single song can have on a persons day or life. Musicians are healers of a different breed and although still esoteric in nature, many people can and are healed everyday. In the Bafour tradition, a healer who wants to deepen his knowledge has to travel extensively in order to learn about the different methods and study with other masters of the subject. Musicians follow the same practice in mastering their craft. The African of the savannah used to travel a great deal. The result was exchange and circulation of knowledge. This is why the collective historical memory of Africa is seldom limited to one territory. Instead it is connected by family ties or ethnic groups that have migrated across the continent. This explains why the traditional healer I speak of originates from the region of Mali while Ibrahim, who views himself as a healer in the same sense, is from South Africa. Listening to Ibrahim speak of one of his mentors, Thelonius Monk, we get a glimpse of his tremendous admiration and respect for this man. He tells us that one day he happened to be thinking about Monk and decided to write a song in his honor entitled, For Monk. We can see on his face the excitement that came with composing such a work. He even asked his band to play the newly developed and not quite finished song at their concert a few days later. Ibrahim was compiling this incredible tribute to a man that had inspired him in so many ways not knowing that the day after he had written the song, Monk had been admitted to the hospital. For Monk had been written in honor of this legend and inspiration but now served as an inspiring piece for that same legend to fight through his illness. The song transpired more in the spirit of the training of a Bambara apprentice smith, than in the creation of a conservatory product. I think the great Charlie Parker said it best: Music is your own experience, your thoughts, your wisdom. If you dont live it, it wont come out of your horn. As in imperial Mali, the musicians song is a call to arms. Just as the griots of Sundjata energized the enthusiasm of the warriors of Mandà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, the musician of today must mobilize his audience for the collective tasks of nation-building. By singing the glories of the past, making it immediate and alive for his audience, the musician stimulates a remembrance of them; by urging sacrifice today for a greater tomorrow, he provides the expectation of a common future. Ibrahim explains to us at the end of his film that the words of Water from an Ancient Well not only represent the drought in Africa, the famine and the turmoil, but it is asking for the water of wisdom so that we can face the future. He smiles and gently utters Very soon Africa will be green and blooming again. .u6eb5f6751a2005b8e2c64b7f719de45c , .u6eb5f6751a2005b8e2c64b7f719de45c .postImageUrl , .u6eb5f6751a2005b8e2c64b7f719de45c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6eb5f6751a2005b8e2c64b7f719de45c , .u6eb5f6751a2005b8e2c64b7f719de45c:hover , .u6eb5f6751a2005b8e2c64b7f719de45c:visited , .u6eb5f6751a2005b8e2c64b7f719de45c:active { border:0!important; } .u6eb5f6751a2005b8e2c64b7f719de45c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6eb5f6751a2005b8e2c64b7f719de45c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6eb5f6751a2005b8e2c64b7f719de45c:active , .u6eb5f6751a2005b8e2c64b7f719de45c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6eb5f6751a2005b8e2c64b7f719de45c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6eb5f6751a2005b8e2c64b7f719de45c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6eb5f6751a2005b8e2c64b7f719de45c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6eb5f6751a2005b8e2c64b7f719de45c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6eb5f6751a2005b8e2c64b7f719de45c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6eb5f6751a2005b8e2c64b7f719de45c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6eb5f6751a2005b8e2c64b7f719de45c .u6eb5f6751a2005b8e2c64b7f719de45c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6eb5f6751a2005b8e2c64b7f719de45c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: History of Music Education: Greek, Roman and Egyptian EssaySELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY B, Hampat, Vol. I, The Living Tradition, General History of Africa/ UNESCO, 1981 Conrad, David C. Barbara E. Frank, Status and Identity in West Afric: Nyamakalaw of Mande, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1995 Hentoff, Nat Albert McCarthy, eds., Jazz. New York: Rinehart, 1959 Knight, Roderic C., Vol. 30, No. 3 Music out of Africa: Mande Jaliya in Paris, The World of Music, 1991 Miller, Joseph C., The African past speaks: essays on oral tradition and history, Folkstone, England: Dawson/Archon, 1980 Niane, D. T., Sundiata: An epic of Old Mali, Essex, England: Longman, 1965

Literature Review free essay sample

They have great difficulty understanding what they see, hear and otherwise sense’ (Larkey, 2008) Larkey identified that students with autism may have the following, ‘Difficulty writing, difficulty writing imaginative stories, Difficulty recalling set tasks and difficulty starting a writing activity, have hyperlexia which is the ability to read text but do not have matching comprehension of the text. (Larkey, 2008) Larkey has identified strategies to use when teaching ASD students how to write those strategies are: ‘Co-actively write, putting your hand over the top of the students, use a computer for the student to write, Use a tape recorder for the student to record their work, use a voice activated computer which transcribes for the student, Teach use of a dictionary to look up words to spell, stick their book to the desk so they don’t have to hold the page. ’ (Larkey, 2008) Larkey has also identified what strategies can be used to help ASD students when reading. We will write a custom essay sample on Literature Review or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Those strategies are: ‘Read stories that include their special interests to motivate reading and comprehension, include mainly non fiction books, make photo books about their own experiences to encourage reading, to extend comprehension remind student to look a picture, ask questions to check comprehension. ’ (Larkey, 2008) Making it a success is a very helpful book for teachers and teaching aids, the strategies which are provided by Sue Larkey are very helpful and it will help so many people out when teaching literacy to students who have ASD. Supporting Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder, Hull learning services, 2004 Hull learning services’ book ‘Supporting Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder’ gives great insight to what language and communication difficulties associated with an ASD. Hull learning identified that students with ASD could have difficulties in understanding language such as, ‘There may be failure to respond, or the pupil does not seem interested when spoken o, The vocabulary and grammar of spoken language becomes difficult to understand as it increases in length and complexity, Information tends to be processed slowly, Confusion arrises when people talk too loudly, too fast or use too many words’ (Hull learning, 2004) Hull learning also identifies that students with ASD could have problems with communications such as, ‘There is absence or a reduction in the desire to communicate with others, the development of the speech may be absent or delayed, the content of speech tends to be one-sided and can be repetitive. (Hull learning, 2004) Hull learning sates many communication difficulties when working with students who have ASD the difficulties to help people who are dealing with ASD students. Also they have strategies to over come theses difficulties communication difficulties such as, ‘Being Face-to-face will encourage eye-contact and promote positive interaction, set up structured social communication skills groups to encourage pupils to take turns, listen and communicate with others, Say students name before communicating to help establish joint attentions, Use a slower rate if speech to allow the pupil time to process the information. (Hull learning, 2004) Hull learning book ‘supporting children with ASP’ can be summed up as a resource used for teachers and teachers aids in the classroom which gives helpful strategies of how to teach literacy to students who have ACD. Understanding and teaching children with autism, Rita Jordan and Stuart Powell 1995 ‘Understanding and teaching children with autism’ which is written by Rita Jordan and Stuart Powell is a book which is aimed at teachers in special education and the psychologist who work with teachers and parents of children with autism. It gives a better understanding of autism and the different ways it is experienced by individual children. In chapter five of Jordan’s and Powell book it explains what the students who have autism go through when they are learning literacy and what approaches should be taken when teaching the students literacy. One main approach which Jordan and Powell outlined is that teachers have to be very precise with the language they use when teaching literacy to an autistic student because they can get very confused. Powell and Jordan also explain that when teaching literacy to an autistic student best thing to do when giving out instructions is having it on the board. ‘A written instruction can be taken at the pupil’s own rate and remains available for consolidations. ’ (Powell, Jordan, 1995) The authors also write about recent research which has linked autism syndrome with dyslexia. ‘Since dyslexia is a form of language impairment and autism is linked with language difficulties, it would not be surprising to find some pupils with autism who also have dyslexia. (Powell, Jordan, 1995) Powell and Jordan list the kinds of structure approaches to literacy which is recommended for pupils with dyslexia are operating a word processor through the use of proper keyboard skills which has been shown to enhance spelling, grammar and reading ability by providing a motor memory, learning to read and write with cursive script rather then being taught print. Developing early Literacy, Susan Hill, 2006 Developing early Literacy written by Susan Hill (2006) is a handbook for understanding and teaching early literacy. Chapter 4 of developing early literacy is titled ‘The literacy program’ in chapter 4 Hill describes how a literacy program works. The Literacy program is divided into two different parts, reading and writing. ‘The first part to reading is modelled reading ‘which the teacher reads aloud, the teacher models how to read by reading aloud to the class from range of text types. The purpose is for children to engage with text pitched at a more complex level than they can read’ (Hill, 2006) The second part is shared reading which is when an enlarge book is used to explore the conventions of print, It is a whole class activity but it is lead by the teacher the students join in. Guided reading is the next stage. ‘Guided reading involves a teacher working with a group of 4 to 6 children reading individual copies of the same text at the children’s learning level. They have some challenges, and the teacher prepares them to use a range of problem solving strategies. ’ (Hill, 2006) Independent reading is the final stage of reading. ‘The purpose of independent reading is to build fluency and motivation for reading. Children are encouraged to read texts at their independent reading level so that reading is practiced and fluency is increased. The child is challenged to read on their own for a sustained period of time’ (Hill, 2006) Modelled Writing is the first stage of the writing part of the Literacy program. In modelled writing the teacher writes on a whiteboard showing how a writer uses words sentences and text types to record ideas’ (Hill 2006) Shared and interactive writing is the second stage which is usually a group activity where the teacher leads the class on ways to write various text types, spelling, grammar and complex sentences. And the students learn from example how writing is done. Guided writing is the th ird stage and ‘involves individuals or small groups of children writing a range of text types. The teacher may provide short mini lessons to demonstrate a particular aspect of writing. ’ (Hill, 2006) Independent writing is the final stage where the purposes ‘is to build fluency and motivation, and is a time for students to express ideas and experiment. Children can write their own creative pieces. ’ (Hill, 2006) Developing early Literacy is a great book to read as the explanations are straight to the point. It is also good for people who do not know how literacy in the classroom works. It is also a good book for Aids to read as when they are working in classrooms with students with disabilities they know how to help them out with while also following the literacy guidelines. Reference List Sue Larkey, 2008, Making it a Success, A. C. E. S. , Artarmon, NSW Hull learning services, 2004, Supporting Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder, David Fulton Publishers, London Rita Jordan and Stuart Powell, 1995, Understanding and teaching children with autism, John Wiley sons, Chichester, West Sussex Susan Hill, 2006, Developing early Literacy, Eleanor Curtain Publishing, Prahran, VIC Literature review free essay sample Also, a literature review can be interpreted as a review of an abstract accomplishment. Most often associated with academic-oriented literature, such as a thesis or peer-reviewed article, a literature review usually precedes a research proposal and results section. Its main goals are to situate he current study within the body of literature and to provide context for the particular reader.Literature reviews are a staple for research in nearly every academic field academic field A literature review is a text written by someone to consider the critical points of current knowledge including substantive findings, as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. Literature reviews are secondary sources, and as such, do not report any new or original the current study within the body Of literature and to provide context for the secondary sources, and as such.