Literature Review free essay sample

They have great difficulty understanding what they see, hear and otherwise sense’ (Larkey, 2008) Larkey identified that students with autism may have the following, ‘Difficulty writing, difficulty writing imaginative stories, Difficulty recalling set tasks and difficulty starting a writing activity, have hyperlexia which is the ability to read text but do not have matching comprehension of the text. (Larkey, 2008) Larkey has identified strategies to use when teaching ASD students how to write those strategies are: ‘Co-actively write, putting your hand over the top of the students, use a computer for the student to write, Use a tape recorder for the student to record their work, use a voice activated computer which transcribes for the student, Teach use of a dictionary to look up words to spell, stick their book to the desk so they don’t have to hold the page. ’ (Larkey, 2008) Larkey has also identified what strategies can be used to help ASD students when reading. We will write a custom essay sample on Literature Review or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Those strategies are: ‘Read stories that include their special interests to motivate reading and comprehension, include mainly non fiction books, make photo books about their own experiences to encourage reading, to extend comprehension remind student to look a picture, ask questions to check comprehension. ’ (Larkey, 2008) Making it a success is a very helpful book for teachers and teaching aids, the strategies which are provided by Sue Larkey are very helpful and it will help so many people out when teaching literacy to students who have ASD. Supporting Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder, Hull learning services, 2004 Hull learning services’ book ‘Supporting Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder’ gives great insight to what language and communication difficulties associated with an ASD. Hull learning identified that students with ASD could have difficulties in understanding language such as, ‘There may be failure to respond, or the pupil does not seem interested when spoken o, The vocabulary and grammar of spoken language becomes difficult to understand as it increases in length and complexity, Information tends to be processed slowly, Confusion arrises when people talk too loudly, too fast or use too many words’ (Hull learning, 2004) Hull learning also identifies that students with ASD could have problems with communications such as, ‘There is absence or a reduction in the desire to communicate with others, the development of the speech may be absent or delayed, the content of speech tends to be one-sided and can be repetitive. (Hull learning, 2004) Hull learning sates many communication difficulties when working with students who have ASD the difficulties to help people who are dealing with ASD students. Also they have strategies to over come theses difficulties communication difficulties such as, ‘Being Face-to-face will encourage eye-contact and promote positive interaction, set up structured social communication skills groups to encourage pupils to take turns, listen and communicate with others, Say students name before communicating to help establish joint attentions, Use a slower rate if speech to allow the pupil time to process the information. (Hull learning, 2004) Hull learning book ‘supporting children with ASP’ can be summed up as a resource used for teachers and teachers aids in the classroom which gives helpful strategies of how to teach literacy to students who have ACD. Understanding and teaching children with autism, Rita Jordan and Stuart Powell 1995 ‘Understanding and teaching children with autism’ which is written by Rita Jordan and Stuart Powell is a book which is aimed at teachers in special education and the psychologist who work with teachers and parents of children with autism. It gives a better understanding of autism and the different ways it is experienced by individual children. In chapter five of Jordan’s and Powell book it explains what the students who have autism go through when they are learning literacy and what approaches should be taken when teaching the students literacy. One main approach which Jordan and Powell outlined is that teachers have to be very precise with the language they use when teaching literacy to an autistic student because they can get very confused. Powell and Jordan also explain that when teaching literacy to an autistic student best thing to do when giving out instructions is having it on the board. ‘A written instruction can be taken at the pupil’s own rate and remains available for consolidations. ’ (Powell, Jordan, 1995) The authors also write about recent research which has linked autism syndrome with dyslexia. ‘Since dyslexia is a form of language impairment and autism is linked with language difficulties, it would not be surprising to find some pupils with autism who also have dyslexia. (Powell, Jordan, 1995) Powell and Jordan list the kinds of structure approaches to literacy which is recommended for pupils with dyslexia are operating a word processor through the use of proper keyboard skills which has been shown to enhance spelling, grammar and reading ability by providing a motor memory, learning to read and write with cursive script rather then being taught print. Developing early Literacy, Susan Hill, 2006 Developing early Literacy written by Susan Hill (2006) is a handbook for understanding and teaching early literacy. Chapter 4 of developing early literacy is titled ‘The literacy program’ in chapter 4 Hill describes how a literacy program works. The Literacy program is divided into two different parts, reading and writing. ‘The first part to reading is modelled reading ‘which the teacher reads aloud, the teacher models how to read by reading aloud to the class from range of text types. The purpose is for children to engage with text pitched at a more complex level than they can read’ (Hill, 2006) The second part is shared reading which is when an enlarge book is used to explore the conventions of print, It is a whole class activity but it is lead by the teacher the students join in. Guided reading is the next stage. ‘Guided reading involves a teacher working with a group of 4 to 6 children reading individual copies of the same text at the children’s learning level. They have some challenges, and the teacher prepares them to use a range of problem solving strategies. ’ (Hill, 2006) Independent reading is the final stage of reading. ‘The purpose of independent reading is to build fluency and motivation for reading. Children are encouraged to read texts at their independent reading level so that reading is practiced and fluency is increased. The child is challenged to read on their own for a sustained period of time’ (Hill, 2006) Modelled Writing is the first stage of the writing part of the Literacy program. In modelled writing the teacher writes on a whiteboard showing how a writer uses words sentences and text types to record ideas’ (Hill 2006) Shared and interactive writing is the second stage which is usually a group activity where the teacher leads the class on ways to write various text types, spelling, grammar and complex sentences. And the students learn from example how writing is done. Guided writing is the th ird stage and ‘involves individuals or small groups of children writing a range of text types. The teacher may provide short mini lessons to demonstrate a particular aspect of writing. ’ (Hill, 2006) Independent writing is the final stage where the purposes ‘is to build fluency and motivation, and is a time for students to express ideas and experiment. Children can write their own creative pieces. ’ (Hill, 2006) Developing early Literacy is a great book to read as the explanations are straight to the point. It is also good for people who do not know how literacy in the classroom works. It is also a good book for Aids to read as when they are working in classrooms with students with disabilities they know how to help them out with while also following the literacy guidelines. Reference List Sue Larkey, 2008, Making it a Success, A. C. E. S. , Artarmon, NSW Hull learning services, 2004, Supporting Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder, David Fulton Publishers, London Rita Jordan and Stuart Powell, 1995, Understanding and teaching children with autism, John Wiley sons, Chichester, West Sussex Susan Hill, 2006, Developing early Literacy, Eleanor Curtain Publishing, Prahran, VIC Literature review free essay sample Also, a literature review can be interpreted as a review of an abstract accomplishment. Most often associated with academic-oriented literature, such as a thesis or peer-reviewed article, a literature review usually precedes a research proposal and results section. Its main goals are to situate he current study within the body of literature and to provide context for the particular reader.Literature reviews are a staple for research in nearly every academic field academic field A literature review is a text written by someone to consider the critical points of current knowledge including substantive findings, as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. Literature reviews are secondary sources, and as such, do not report any new or original the current study within the body Of literature and to provide context for the secondary sources, and as such.

The subject matter of phonetics Essays

The subject matter of phonetics Essays The subject matter of phonetics Essay The subject matter of phonetics Essay Phoneticss is a scientific discipline devoted to the physical analysis of the sounds of human address. including their production. transmittal. and perceptual experience. Phonetics is traditionally divided into two subdivisions: acoustic. concerned with the construction of the acoustic signal itself. and articulative. concerned with the manner these sounds are produced. Theoretical Phonetics surveies speech sounds: 1 ) from every point of position. Articulatory point of position – every address sound is a composite of definite finely coordinated and differentiated motions and places of the assorted address variety meats. Acoustic – address sounds have certain physical belongingss. Phonological – address sounds are studied through the phonological resistances. Auditory – all of address sounds have infinite figure of characteristics. 2 ) surveies mechanisms of vowel and harmonic production: Vibrator mechanism – vocal cords Resonator mechanism – unwritten pit. rhinal pit Obstructer mechanism – lingua. VC. dentition Power mechanism – lungs. stop 3 ) sounds are studied non merely individually but in bunchs and in address. Therefore we’ve come to dynamicss and kinaesthetic factors. 4 ) the affair of analysis: – description – puting down every bit many as possible characteristics which are present in sounds. – categorization – adverting those characteristics by which sounds arrant. One of the chief topics is modulation. Theoretical phonetics positions it from the point of position of different schools and attacks: Russian – modulation consists of address tune. tones. alteration in pitch. British – modulation is a contour. that is a unit of modulation dwelling of pre-head. caput. karyon and tail. American – modulation is pitch. Differences in pitch cause differences in significance. Talking about sounds we normally view them in words. which consist of syllables. This is another topic of theoretical phonetics – syllable division and different attacks to it. 2. The manner phonetics is connected with other subdivisions of linguistics and other scientific disciplines Phonetics is an independent subdivision of linguistics like lexicology. g rammar and stylistics. It surveies the sound affair. its facets and maps. Phonetics is connected with lingual and non-linguistic scientific disciplines: acoustics. physiology. psychological science. logic. etc. The connexion of phonetics with grammar. lexicology and styl ­istics is exercised foremost of all via writing system. which in its bend is really closely connected with phonetics. Phonetics formulates the regulations of pronunciation for separate sounds and sound combinations. The regulations of reading are based on the relation of sounds to orthography and present certain troubles in larning the English linguistic communication. particularly on the initial phase of stud ­ying. Therefore. vowel sounds. for case. are pronounced non merely as we name the letters matching to them: the missive a as /ei/ . the missive vitamin E as i’v. l. the missive I as /ai/ . the missive à ³ as /wai/ . the missive U as one { J ) N: l. the missive à ® as /à ½Ãƒ ©/ . jnq a can be pronounced as: /ae/- can. /a/ - auto. 7sa/- care- . vitamin E can be pronounced as: Id- them. [ à §:1- fern. libl- here. etc. Through the system of regulations of reading phonetics is connected with grammar and helps to articulate right remarkable and plural signifiers of nouns. the past tense signifiers and past participials of English regular verbs. e. g. /d/ is pronounced after sonant consonants ( beg- begged ) . It! - after voiceless consonants ( wish- wished ) . /id/- after It! ( want- wanted ) . It is merely if we know that /s/ is pronounced after voiceless consonants. /z/ after voiced and /iz/ after sibilants. that we can articulate the words books. bags. boxes right. The stoping -ed is pronounced /id/ following /t/ or /d/ . e. g. waited /iweitid/ . folded /ifauldid/ . Some adjectives have a signifier with /id/ . e. g. crooked /’kru-kid/ . bare /ineikid/ . ragged /’rsegid/ . One of the most of import phonic phenomena- sound interchange- is another manifestation of the connexion of pho ­netics with grammar. For case. this connexion can be observed in the class of figure. Therefore. the interchange of It- v/ . /a- z/ . /O- à / helps to distinguish remarkable and plural signifiers of such nouns as: calf- calves II- v/ . leaf- leaves II- v/ . house-houses /s- z/ . Vowel interchange helps to separate the singular and the plural of such words as: basis- bases /’beisis-

Saying Good Evening in Japanese

Saying Good Evening in Japanese Whether youre visiting Japan or youre simply trying to learn a new language, knowing how to say and write simple greetings is a  great way to start communicating with people in their language. The way to say good evening in Japanese is Konbanwa. Konbanwa shouldnt be confused with  konnichi wa, which is a greeting often during daytime hours.   Greetings for Day and Night Japanese citizens will use the morning greeting ohayou gozaimasu,  most often before about 10:30 a.m. Konnichiwa is used most often after 10:30 a.m., while konbanwa is the appropriate evening greeting. Pronunciation of Konbanwa Listen to the audio file for Konbanwa. Japanese Characters for Konbanwa 㠁“ん㠁 °Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ¯Ã£â‚¬â€š Writing Rules There is a rule for writing hiragana wa and ha. When wa is used as a particle, it is written in hiragana as ha. Konbanwa is now a fixed greeting. However, in the old days it was a part of sentence such as Tonight is ~ (Konban wa ~) and wa functioned as a particle. Thats why it is still written in hiragana as ha.

Saying Good Evening in Japanese

Saying Good Evening in Japanese Whether youre visiting Japan or youre simply trying to learn a new language, knowing how to say and write simple greetings is a  great way to start communicating with people in their language. The way to say good evening in Japanese is Konbanwa. Konbanwa shouldnt be confused with  konnichi wa, which is a greeting often during daytime hours.   Greetings for Day and Night Japanese citizens will use the morning greeting ohayou gozaimasu,  most often before about 10:30 a.m. Konnichiwa is used most often after 10:30 a.m., while konbanwa is the appropriate evening greeting. Pronunciation of Konbanwa Listen to the audio file for Konbanwa. Japanese Characters for Konbanwa 㠁“ん㠁 °Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ¯Ã£â‚¬â€š Writing Rules There is a rule for writing hiragana wa and ha. When wa is used as a particle, it is written in hiragana as ha. Konbanwa is now a fixed greeting. However, in the old days it was a part of sentence such as Tonight is ~ (Konban wa ~) and wa functioned as a particle. Thats why it is still written in hiragana as ha.

Saying Good Evening in Japanese

Saying Good Evening in Japanese Whether youre visiting Japan or youre simply trying to learn a new language, knowing how to say and write simple greetings is a  great way to start communicating with people in their language. The way to say good evening in Japanese is Konbanwa. Konbanwa shouldnt be confused with  konnichi wa, which is a greeting often during daytime hours.   Greetings for Day and Night Japanese citizens will use the morning greeting ohayou gozaimasu,  most often before about 10:30 a.m. Konnichiwa is used most often after 10:30 a.m., while konbanwa is the appropriate evening greeting. Pronunciation of Konbanwa Listen to the audio file for Konbanwa. Japanese Characters for Konbanwa 㠁“ん㠁 °Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ¯Ã£â‚¬â€š Writing Rules There is a rule for writing hiragana wa and ha. When wa is used as a particle, it is written in hiragana as ha. Konbanwa is now a fixed greeting. However, in the old days it was a part of sentence such as Tonight is ~ (Konban wa ~) and wa functioned as a particle. Thats why it is still written in hiragana as ha.

An illustrated critique of the nature of brand design and its value to Essay - 1

An illustrated critique of the nature of brand design and its value to a selected company - Essay Example It also critically evaluates its internal strength, weakness, and brand power due to massive international presence. The key competitors are under analysis and comparison with H&M to evaluate its brand image significant for its international standing and business operations. OVERVIEW H&M (Hennes and Mauritz) group is a renowned retail designer specialising in fashion apparel and accessories for men, women and children wear. It is the second largest international fashion retailer after the Spanish brand Zara (Inditex). It is operated through leased retail stores, franchises and online catalogue stores with operations in Europe, Americas, Middle East and Asia. It has expanded internationally through network of franchise stores as well as catalogue sales. It offers affordable and chic high street fashion from children to teenagers and adults with wide variety of fashion apparel, footwear, accessories and cosmetics. It divulges the concept of fast fashion i.e. offering premium fashion at affordable prices while maintaining satisfactory quality. It has a distinctive global presence across 48 countries with 2,700 retail outlets covering 50 franchises, 48 Monki, 18 Weekday and 35 Collection of Styles (COS) stores. It has a workforce of almost 94,000 employees globally. The significant growth was captured by introduction of cosmetics and accessories in the fashion apparel market. It derives 90% of its revenue from overseas market, where Germany being the biggest at 27%. The online and catalogue sale is only offered in the European region (Datamonitor, 2011). HISTORY The history of the multi-national retailer dates back to Erling Persson in 1947 at Vasteras, who started the brand initially with Hennes dealing with women wear. In 1969, Erling Mauritz bought a menswear retail company, together Hennes and Mauritz AB founded H&M fashion house dealing with both men, and women wear products. It expanded the fashion business from Sweden during the late 1960s to Norway, Denmark , Switzerland, UK, Austria, Luxembourg, Netherlands and Germany. H&M is listed on Stockholm Stock Exchange since 1974. In spite of H&M Scandinavian origin, its expansion into British and European market was a major success in the late 1970s. The online store was inaugurated in 1988 with consolidation of men, women, teens and children under one fashion brand called H&M. It is operated and headquartered in Stockholm. It turned into a multinational retail fashion business by acquiring 40% stakes in Fabric Scandinavian, which deals with brands such as Cheap Monday, Monki and Weekday retail stores. It also inaugurated its first COS concept store in 2011 at Stockholm (Datamonitor, 2011). H&M LOGO The logo signifies the first letters of the founding members of the H&M group, Hennes and Mauritz. The brand logo illustrates a bold red colour with light cursive that depicts softer outlook. The red colour illustrates a vibrant and enthusiastic outlook that comprehends with the company’s creative fashion trends. The font size and colour chosen for the brand depicts the

Parliamentary sovereignty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Parliamentary sovereignty - Essay Example The notion of Parliamentary Sovereignty has been central to democratic practice for a considerable period of time. In a democracy, the legislature is elected by popular vote and this has been a major feature of the English Constitution. In the initial stages of democracy in Britain, liberty was at grave risk due to monarchical power.1 As a consequence of the doctrine of Parliamentary Sovereignty, the Parliament was empowered to enact or rescind any law whatsoever. In addition, no individual or organisation was permitted by English Law to set aside or overrule legislation enacted by Parliament. In R (Jackson) v Attorney General,2 Lord Hope stated that Parliamentary Sovereignty was not absolute. Thereafter he referred to the enactment of the 1972 European Communities Act and the 1998 Human Rights Act which had effectively diminished the power of Parliament to legislate.3 There was disagreement among their Lordships, regarding the ruling in R (Jackson) v Attorney General. This divergenc e in view related to whether the process detailed under section 2 of the Parliament Act 1911 and 1949, could be employed by the House of Commons to extend the life of Parliament beyond 5 years. The decision in the Jackson case apparently supports this view. Most of the members of the House of Lords were against this conclusion.4 However, they were signally unable to substantiate it in a manner that was consistent with promoting the supremacy of Parliament. In particular, Lord Hope highlighted the fact that the notion of absolute legislative sovereignty of Parliament that had been derived by Dicey from Blackstone and Coke was undergoing gradual change. However, in his judgement in this case, Lord Hope refrained from explicitly declaring that the courts lacked the power to question the validity of legislation for the reason that the latter was incompatible with union legislation.5 However, Lord Hope was of the opinion that union legislation was a tangible constraint on Parliamentary S overeignty. As per Lord Hope, the doctrine of Parliamentary Sovereignty was central to the Constitution. However, due to certain developments, Parliamentary Sovereignty was not absolute. Consequently, it would be incorrect to contend that Parliament’s freedom to legislate is unrestricted.6 In addition, Lord Hope stated that the rule of law, which was implemented by the courts, was the decisive controlling factor, and that the Constitution was founded on this element. Furthermore, Parliamentary Sovereignty would be rendered a hollow doctrine, if the general public refused to acknowledge legislation enacted by it, on the grounds that it was extremely offensive and incongruous. The fulcrum of the British Constitution is the doctrine of Parliamentary Sovereignty. Dicey, wrote extensively on the doctrine of Parliamentary Sovereignty and deemed it to be the underlying feature of British political institutions, as well as the very bedrock of constitutional law.7 As per Dicey, parlia ment can repeal or enact any law and the judiciary cannot hold a statute to be invalid for the reason that it breaches legal or moral principles.8 Thus, every fundamental law, with the exception of the principle of Parliamentary Sovereignty, can be altered by Parliament. One of the critical features of the rule of sovereignty is that no parliament has the power to bind its successors. Thus, there is no avenue, whereby a parliament can ingrain an Act of Parliament.9 In other words, every Act of Parliament can be repealed by subsequent legislation. Dicey was a strong proponent of the thought that the Rule of Law would be affected by discretionary power, as the latter would ultimately result in arbitrary decisions. This has been criticised by some scholars, who have contended that discretion is inevitable in a modern state, if a wide range of regulatory and welfare duties have to be carried out.10 All the same, several important values are incorporated in the Rule of Law, such as acces s to justice, accountability, certainty, due process, efficiency,